![]() ![]() Int J Remote Sensing 20:1329–1341īarth N (1991) Oceanic experiment design II: genetic algorithms. Geophys Res Lett 33:L14602, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026099īardey P, Garnesson P, Moussu G, Wald L (1999) Joint analysis of temperature and ocean colour satellite images for mesoscale activities in the Gulf of Biscay. Dyn Atmos Ocean 36:309–346Īuclair F, Estournel C, Marsaleix P, Pairaud I (2006) On coastal ocean embedded modeling. J Phys Oceanogr 24:1295–1316Īuclair F, Marsaleix P, De Mey P (2003) Space-time structure and dynamics of the forecast error in a coastal circulation model of the Gulf of Lions. 464, Geodetic Science and Surveying, The Ohio State University Columbus, USAĪrhan M, Colin de Verdière A, Mémery L (1994) The eastern boundary of the subtropical North Atlantic. Rev Geophys 45:RG2002, doi: 10.1029/2006RG000197Īnzenhofer M, Shum CK, Rentsh M (1999) Coastal altimetry and applications. The qualitative approach is essential to discard possibly inconsistent modes.Īlsdorf DE, Rodríguez E, Lettenmaier DP (2007) Measuring surface water from space. The technique provides both quantitative (eigenvalues) and qualitative (eigenvectors) tools to study and compare various network options. The RMS technique is easily set up and used as a “black box,” but the utility of its results is maximized by previous knowledge of model state error physics. Testing various local in situ array configurations confirms that adding a current meter to a vertical temperature measurement array improves the detection of secondary variability modes, while shifting the array higher on the shelf break would obviously enhance the model constraint along the coast. It appears that a single nadir altimeter is not efficient enough at capturing coastal mesoscale physics, while a wide swath altimeter would do a much better job. We applied our technique to a 3D coastal model in the Bay of Biscay, with a focus on mesoscale activity, and tested the performance of various altimetry networks and an in situ array deployment strategy. Examination of the spectrum and the eigenvectors of that matrix informs us on which model state error modes a network can detect and constrain amidst the observation error background. To test this ability without performing data assimilation, we set up a technique called Representer Matrix Spectra (RMS) technique that combines the model state and observation error covariance matrices into a single scaled representer matrix. Such models have become more realistic, to the point that they can now be used to design observation networks in coastal areas, with the idea that a “good” network is a network that controls model state error. To constrain the gamma-ray production site and the jet environment.The development of coastal ocean modeling in the recent years has allowed an improved representation of the associated complex physics. Their broadband modeling, and eventually represent a powerful diagnostic tool Finally, weĭiscuss how sub-TeV absorption features in the spectra of BL Lacs may affect In this regard, we discuss recent observations of sources which may showĮvidence of such absorption features in their gamma-ray spectra. Sources with spectra reaching TeV energies, such as HBLs andĮHBLs (extreme blazars), may represent exceptional probes to investigate this Region, the consequent gamma-gamma process may cause absorption features at aįew hundreds GeV. Interact with optical-UV seed photons produced by a pc-scale narrow-line An interaction of the gamma-ray photons with a putativeīroad-line region may reduce the gamma-ray flux only if its production site Production, producing absorption features in their spectral energyĭistribution. Rays interact with the corresponding photon fields via gamma-gamma pair Passing through structures at different distances from the black hole, gamma This work we discuss an indirect method that may help to unveil the presence ofĪmbient structures in BL Lacs through the analysis of their gamma-ray spectrum. Interaction with the photon fields surrounding the active galactic nucleus. Foffano and 3 other authors Download PDF Abstract: The production site of gamma rays in blazars is closely related to their Download a PDF of the paper titled Absorption features in gamma-ray spectra of BL Lac objects, by L. ![]()
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